Verification of antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres by using two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of the 3,6-bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide molecule

Different G-quadruplex structures for the human telomeric sequence d(T ₂AG₃)₄ in vitro have been documented in the presence of sodium and potassium. Verification of the G-quadruplex structures in human telomeres in vivo is the main issue in establishing the biological function of the G-quadruplex structures in telomeres as well as the development of anticancer agents. Here we have applied two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to measure the fluorescence lifetime of the BMVC molecule upon interaction with various DNA structures. The distinction in lifetime measured with submicrometer spatial resolution in two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy provides a powerful approach not only to verify the existence of the antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres but also to map its localizations in metaphase chromosomes.