@article{d1b88ea4575f4908bd6a593a4f2434e2,
title = "Synergistic effects of glycated chitosan with high-intensity focused ultrasound on suppression of metastases in a syngeneic breast tumor model",
abstract = "Stimulation of the host immune system is crucial in cancer treatment. In particular, nonspecific immunotherapies, when combined with other traditional therapies such as radiation and chemotherapy, may induce immunity against primary and metastatic tumors. In this study, we demonstrate that a novel, non-toxic immunoadjuvant, glycated chitosan (GC), decreases the motility and invasion of mammalian breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Lung metastatic ratios were reduced in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice when intratumoral GC injection was combined with local high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment. We postulate that this treatment modality stimulates the host immune system to combat cancer cells, as macrophage accumulation in tumor lesions was detected after GC-HIFU treatment. In addition, plasma collected from GC-HIFU-treated tumor-bearing mice exhibited tumor-specific cytotoxicity. We also investigated the effect of GC on epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related markers. Our results showed that GC decreased the expression of Twist-1 and Slug, proto-oncogenes commonly implicated in metastasis. Epithelial-cadherin, which is regulated by these genes, was also upregulated. Taken together, our current data suggest that GC alone can reduce cancer cell motility and invasion, whereas GC-HIFU treatment can induce immune responses to suppress tumor metastasis in vivo.",
keywords = "Breast cancer, Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, High-intensity focused ultrasound, Immunoadjuvant, Lung metastasis",
author = "Chen, {Y. L.} and Wang, {C. Y.} and Yang, {F. Y.} and Wang, {B. S.} and Chen, {J. Y.} and Lin, {L. T.} and Leu, {J. D.} and Chiu, {S. J.} and Chen, {F. D.} and Lee, {Y. J.} and Chen, {W. R.}",
note = "Funding Information: Acknowledgements. We thank Dr. Yu Kang and Dr. Congjian Xu (Fudan University, Shanghai, China) for providing Act-PBase and PB-tk-mRFP plasmids for this work. We also thank Dr. Muh-Hwa Yang for providing antibodies for the EMT study. This research was supported in part by grants from the US National Institutes of Health (R21 EB0155091-01), the US Fulbright Scholar Program, and Immunophotonics Inc. This research was also supported by the united grant of Cheng-Hsin General Hospital and National Yang-Ming University (102F218C15), a grant from Cheng Hsin General Hospital (102-56), a grant from the Department of Health in Taipei City Government (10201-62-068) and the National Science Council of Taiwan (NSC102-2628-B-010-012-MY3), and a grant from the Ministry of Education, Aim for the Top University Plan, National Yang-Ming University.",
year = "2014",
month = apr,
doi = "10.1038/cddis.2014.159",
language = "English",
volume = "5",
journal = "Cell Death and Disease",
issn = "2041-4889",
publisher = "Nature Publishing Group",
number = "4",
}