Recent Advances in Light Detection and Ranging: Optical Modulation Solutions and Novel Nanotechnologies

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor is widely recognized as a critical component for accurate perception. However, there are a host of challenges that impede their performance, including low spatial resolution, high costs, large size, low reliability, and susceptibility to interference. It is challenging to overcome these issues using a single LiDAR module, necessitating the need for a review of current LiDAR technologies. The paper commences by introducing the fundamental principles of various laser rangefinders and discussing the optical modulation technologies used to prevent interference and ghost images. Next, the paper delves into the latest developments in laser technology, with a focus on enhancing the switching rate, compliance with eye safety regulations, miniaturization, and improving stability. One highly promising innovation is the photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL), a novel light source that boasts high-speed, small divergence angles, and high-power output. Finally, the paper discusses the advancements made in non-solid-state scanning and solid-state scanning, such as improving stability, increasing scanning angles, and optimizing the manufacturing of mechanical and micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS). Additionally, the paper highlights the recent advancements in nanotechnology, specifically metasurface technology, which offers superior capabilities such as beam deflection, enhanced field-of-view (FOV), and dynamic modulation.