Promises, practices and problems of collaborative infrastructuring: The case of dublin city council (DCC) beta and code for Ireland

Smart cities so far have largely been imagined and implemented by public-private partnerships between municipalities and multinational corporations. Technological innovations featured in smart city initiatives often promote improved urban life and new prospects of community engagement. However, being citizens in smart cities can be tokenistic, merely providing data and ideas through citizen engagement technologies or acting as an object of urban experimentation (Evans, 2016; Cardullo and Kitchin, 2018).