Optimal waveguide structure for low-threshold InGaN/GaN-based photonic-crystal surface-emitting lasers

We analyzed the optimal waveguide structure of two types of InGaN-based photonic crystal surface-emitting lasers (PCSELs) to suppress the coupling with leaky modes via mode simulations. To minimize the threshold material gain (g_th), we calculated the confinement factor and quality factor of PCSELs with varying waveguide layer thicknesses in the separate confinement heterostructure (SCH) layer. The optical mode intensity profile revealed the coupling between the fundamental mode of SCH and parasitic leaky modes in the cladding layer or substrate as the primary root cause of the low-quality factor and high threshold gain of PCSELs. The asymmetric nature of the SCH structure yielded the optimal waveguide structure to be dependent on the position of the air holes.