Glueballs and strings in Sp (2N) Yang-Mills theories

Motivated in part by the pseudo-Nambu Goldstone boson mechanism of electroweak symmetry breaking in composite Higgs models, in part by dark matter scenarios with strongly coupled origin, as well as by general theoretical considerations related to the large-N extrapolation, we perform lattice studies of the Yang-Mills theories with Sp(2N) gauge groups. We measure the string tension and the mass spectrum of glueballs, extracted from appropriate two-point correlation functions of operators organized as irreducible representations of the octahedral symmetry group. We perform the continuum extrapolation and study the magnitude of finite-size effects, showing that they are negligible in our calculation. We present new numerical results for N=1, 2, 3, 4, combine them with data previously obtained for N=2, and extrapolate toward N→∞. We confirm explicitly the expectation that, as already known for N=1, 2 also for N=3, 4 a confining potential rising linearly with the distance binds a static quark to its antiquark. We compare our results to the existing literature on other gauge groups, with particular attention devoted to the large-N limit. We find agreement with the known values of the mass of the 0++, 0++∗, and 2++ glueballs obtained taking the large-N limit in the SU(N) groups. In addition, we determine for the first time the mass of some heavier glueball states at finite N in Sp(2N) and extrapolate the results toward N→+∞ taking the limit in the latter groups. Since the large-N limit of Sp(2N) is the same as in SU(N), our results are relevant also for the study of QCD-like theories.