Global mean sea surface and marine gravity anomaly from multi-satellite altimetry: Applications of deflection-geoid and inverse Vening Meinesz formulae

Global mean sea surface heights (SSHs) and gravity anomalies on a 2' × 2' grid were determined from Seasat, Geosat (Exact Repeat Mission and Geodetic Mission), ERS-1 (1.5-year mean of 35-day, and GM), TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) (5.6-year mean) and ERS-2 (2-year mean) altimeter data over the region 0°-360° longitude and -80°-80° latitude. To reduce ocean variabilities and data noises, SSHs from non- repeat missions were filtered by Gaussian filters of various wavelengths. A Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was subtracted from the altimeter-derived SSHs, and the resulting heights were used to compute along- track deflection of the vertical (DOV). Geoidal heights and gravity anomalies were then computed from DOV using the deflection-geoid and inverse Vening Meinesz formulae. The Levitus oceanic dynamic topography was added back to the geoidal heights to obtain a preliminary sea surface grid. The difference between the T/P mean sea surface and the preliminary sea surface was computed on a grid by a minimum curvature method and then was added to the preliminary grid. The comparison of the NCTU01 mean sea surface height (MSSH) with the T/P and the ERS-1 MSSH result in overall root-mean-square (RMS) differences of 5.0 and 3.1 cm in SSH, respectively, and 7.1 and 3.2 μrad in SSH gradient, respectively. The RMS differences between the predicted and shipborne gravity anomalies range from 3.0 to 13.4 mGal in 12 areas of the world's oceans.