Finite element sub-modeling analyses of damage to enamel at the incisor enamel/adhesive interface upon de-bonding for different orthodontic bracket bases

This study investigates the micro-mechanical behavior associated with enamel damage at an enamel/adhesive interface for different bracket bases subjected to various detachment forces using 3-D finite element (FE) sub-modeling analysis. Two FE macro-models using triangular and square bracket bases subjected to shear, tensile and torsional de-bonding forces were established using γCT images. Six enamel/adhesive interface sub-models with micro- resin tag morphology and enamel rod arrangement were constructed at the corresponding stress concentrations in macro-model results. The boundary conditions for the sub-models were determined from the macro-model results and applied in sub-modeling analysis. The enamel and resin cement stress concentrations for triangular and square bases were observed at the adhesive bottom towards the occlusal surface under shear force and at the mesial and distal side planes under tensile force. The corresponding areas under torsional force were at the three corners of the adhesive for the triangular base and at the adhesive bottom toward/off the occlusal surface for the square base. In the sub-model analysis, the concentration regions were at the resin tag base and in the region around the etched holes in the enamel. These were perfectly consistent with morphological observations in a parallel in vitro bracket detachment experiment. The critical de-bonding forces damaging the enamel for the square base were lower than those of the triangular base for all detached forces. This study establishes that FE sub-modeling can be used to simulate the stress pattern at the micro-scale enamel/adhesive interface, suggesting that a square base bracket might be better than a triangular bracket. A de-bonding shear force can detach a bracket more easily than any other force with a lower risk of enamel loss.