Primary human nasal epithelial cell response to titanium surface with a nanonetwork structure in nasal implant applications

In nasal reconstruction applications, the response of cells to titanium (Ti) implants is largely determined by the surface characteristics of the implant. This study investigated an electrochemical anodization surface treatment intended to improve the response of primary human nasal epithelial cells (HNEpC) to Ti surfaces in nasal implant applications. We used a simple and fast electrochemical anodization treatment, i.e., applying anodic current, to produce a titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanonetwork layer on the Ti surface with average lateral pore size below 100 nm, depending on the current applied. The TiO₂ nanonetwork layer exhibited enhanced hydrophilicity and protein adsorption ability compared with untreated Ti surfaces. In addition, the spreading morphology, cytoskeletal arrangement, and proliferation of HNEpC on the nanonetwork layer indicated excellent cell response characteristics. This research advances our understanding regarding the means by which a TiO₂ nanonetwork layer can improve the response of HNEpC to Ti surfaces in nasal implant applications.