Effective disinfection of airborne microbial contamination in hospital wards using a zero-valent nano-silver/TiO ₂ -chitosan composite

A novel antimicrobial composite of zero-valent silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), titania (TiO ₂ ), and chitosan (CS) was prepared via photochemical deposition of AgNPs on a CS-TiO ₂ matrix (AgNPs@CS-TiO ₂ ). Electron microscopy showed that the AgNPs were well dispersed on the CS-TiO ₂ , with diameters of 6.69-8.84 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectra indicated that most of the AgNPs were reduced to metallic Ag. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy indicated that some AgNPs formed a chelate with CS through coordination of Ag ⁺ with the CS amide II groups. The zones of inhibition of AgNPs@CS-TiO ₂ for bacteria (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and fungi (Aspergillus niger and Penicillium spinulosum) were 6.72-11.08 and 5.45-5.77 mm, respectively, and the minimum (critical) concentrations of AgNPs required to inhibit the growth of bacteria and fungi were 7.57 and 16.51 µg-Ag/mm ² , respectively. The removal efficiency of a AgNPs@TiO ₂ -CS bed filter for bioaerosols (η) increased with the packing depth, and the optimal filter quality (qF) occurred for packing depths of 2-4 cm (qF = 0.0285-0.103 Pa ⁻¹ ; η = 57.6%-98.2%). When AgNPs@TiO ₂ -CS bed filters were installed in the ventilation systems of hospital wards, up to 88% of bacteria and 97% of fungi were removed within 30 minutes. Consequently, AgNPs@TiO ₂ -CS has promising potentials in bioaerosol purification.