TY - JOUR
T1 - Dose-response relationship of outdoor exposure and myopia indicators
T2 - A systematic review and meta-analysis of various research methods
AU - Ho, Ciao Lin
AU - Wu, Wei Fong
AU - Liou, Yiing Mei
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2019 by the authors.
PY - 2019/7/2
Y1 - 2019/7/2
N2 - Myopia in children has dramatically increased worldwide. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of outdoor light exposure on myopia. According to research data from 13 studies of 15, 081 children aged 4-14 at baseline, outdoor light exposure significantly reduced myopia incidence/prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-0.91, p < 0.00001; I2 = 90%), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) by 0.15 D/year (0.09-0.27, p < 0.0001), and axial elongation by 0.08 mm/year (-0.14 to-0.02, p = 0.02). The benefits of outdoor light exposure intervention, according to pooled overall results, included decreases in three myopia indicators: 50% in myopia incidence, 32.9% in SER, and 24.9% in axial elongation for individuals in Asia. Daily outdoor light exposure of more than 120 min was the most effective intervention, and weekly intervention time exhibited a dose-response relationship with all three indicators. Subgroup comparisons revealed that interventional studies report greater benefits from outdoor light exposure compared with cohort and cross-sectional studies, and individuals with myopia in intervention studies experienced slightly greater benefits than individuals without, in terms of SER and axial elongation. Therefore, this study suggests 120 min/day of outdoor light exposure at school.
AB - Myopia in children has dramatically increased worldwide. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate the effects of outdoor light exposure on myopia. According to research data from 13 studies of 15, 081 children aged 4-14 at baseline, outdoor light exposure significantly reduced myopia incidence/prevalence (odds ratio [OR] = 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.80-0.91, p < 0.00001; I2 = 90%), spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) by 0.15 D/year (0.09-0.27, p < 0.0001), and axial elongation by 0.08 mm/year (-0.14 to-0.02, p = 0.02). The benefits of outdoor light exposure intervention, according to pooled overall results, included decreases in three myopia indicators: 50% in myopia incidence, 32.9% in SER, and 24.9% in axial elongation for individuals in Asia. Daily outdoor light exposure of more than 120 min was the most effective intervention, and weekly intervention time exhibited a dose-response relationship with all three indicators. Subgroup comparisons revealed that interventional studies report greater benefits from outdoor light exposure compared with cohort and cross-sectional studies, and individuals with myopia in intervention studies experienced slightly greater benefits than individuals without, in terms of SER and axial elongation. Therefore, this study suggests 120 min/day of outdoor light exposure at school.
KW - Axial length
KW - Near-sightedness
KW - Preschool
KW - School age
KW - Spherical equivalent refractive error (SER)
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85071017977&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.3390/ijerph16142595
DO - 10.3390/ijerph16142595
M3 - Review article
C2 - 31330865
AN - SCOPUS:85071017977
SN - 1661-7827
VL - 16
JO - International journal of environmental research and public health
JF - International journal of environmental research and public health
IS - 14
M1 - 2595
ER -
