Direct observation of dynamic thermal lensing in nanoscale surfaces/interfaces of end-pumped Nd:YVO₄laser

This work describes non-invasive observations of dynamic thermal lensing in an end-pumped Nd:YVO4 laser. Measurements were obtained with a nanoscale optical ruler created using chromatic aberrations, pinholes, dispersive gratings, and position-sensitive detectors. This study reports on variations in thermally induced oscillations and on underdamping behavior in the regime of high pump power. Dynamic data related to the thermal behavior can be used to study the balance between driving forces (pumping and thermal stresses) and damping losses (cooling and output coupling). The non-invasive nature of the proposed scheme along with its sub-100-nm axial resolution, sub-millisecond time resolution, and simple configuration makes it widely applicable for studying heat-related phenomena within laser crystals. The preliminary results show that such non-invasive methods could be used to detect thermally induced nanoscale deformations in integrated circuits, high-power optoelectronic devices, and optical devices with high-power illumination.