Concurrent anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy in solid tumors using drug-loaded acoustic nanodroplet vaporization

Drug-loaded nanodroplets (NDs) can be converted into gas bubbles through ultrasound (US) stimulation, termed acoustic droplet vaporization (ADV), which provides a potential strategy to simultaneously induce vascular disruption and release drugs for combined physical anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy. Doxorubicin-loaded NDs (DOX-NDs) with a mean size of 214 nm containing 2.48 mg DOX/mL were used in this study. High-speed images displayed bubble formation and cell debris, demonstrating the reduction in cell viability after ADV. Intravital imaging provided direct visualization of disrupted tumor vessels (vessel size <30 μm), the extravasation distance was 12 μm in the DOX-NDs group and increased over 100 μm in the DOX-NDs + US group. Solid tumor perfusion on US imaging was significantly reduced to 23% after DOX-NDs vaporization, but gradually recovered to 41%, especially at the tumor periphery after 24 h. Histological images of the DOX-NDs + US group revealed tissue necrosis, a large amount of drug extravasation, vascular disruption, and immune cell infiltration at the tumor center. Tumor sizes decreased 22%, 36%, and 68% for NDs + US, DOX-NDs, and DOX-NDs + US, respectively, to prolong the survival of tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this study demonstrates that the combination of physical anti-vascular therapy and chemotherapy with DOX-NDs vaporization promotes uniform treatment to improve therapeutic efficacy. Statement of Significance Tumor vasculature plays an important role for tumor cell proliferation by transporting oxygen and nutrients. Previous studies combined anti-vascular therapy and drug release to inhibit tumor growth by ultrasound-stimulated microbubble destruction or acoustic droplet vaporization. Although the efficacy of combined therapy has been demonstrated; the relative spatial distribution of vascular disruption, drug delivery, and accompanied immune responses within solid tumors was not discussed clearly. Herein, our study used drug-loaded nanodroplets to combined physical anti-vascular and chemical therapy. The in vitro cytotoxicity, intravital imaging, and histological assessment were used to evaluate the temporal and spatial cooperation between physical and chemical effect. These results revealed some evidences for complementary action to explain the high efficacy of tumor inhibition by combined therapy.